An overview of the incidence of diabetes in the United States Term Paper

An overview of the incidence of diabetes in the United States - Term Paper Example Difference in susceptibility by gender is, however, small with adult males having a unit percent higher prevalence rate as compared to adult females (â€Å"Diabetes statistics†, 2011). Incidences of the disease also vary with race. ‘Non-Hispanic’ blacks are the most vulnerable at almost 13 percent prevalence rate while ‘non-Hispanic’ whites have a prevalence rate of seven percent. Despite control measures, diabetes remains a killer disease, both directly and indirectly (â€Å"National diabetes statistics†, 2011). The disease’s prevalence rate also bears relationships with other complications. Published data, for example, indicate an almost seventy percent prevalence rate of heart diseases among diabetic patients. A survey of data between the years 2005 and 2008 also reported a 67 percent rate of high blood pressure among diabetic patients. Significant relationships in prevalence rates have also been identified between diabetes and other diseases such as â€Å"blindness,† â€Å"kidney disease,† â€Å"nervous system disease† and â€Å"amputation† (â€Å"Diabetes statistics†, 2011, p.

Strengths and weaknesses of Rolls Royce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strengths and weaknesses of Rolls Royce - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Rolls Royce has been a pioneer in the motor car market for over 100 years. It continues to set the standard for motor cars in the industry. Financial ratios help to analyze the financial health of a company. Gross profit margin is an indicator of how %age of a sales dollar is left after the payment of the goods has been made. It is the actual markup on the goods sold. It is better for the company if it has a higher gross profit margin. Rolls Royce gross profit margin has been stable for the past 5 years. There hasn’t been much change in the gross profit margin of the company. This means that with respect to each unit of the product the margin has been consistent and hence the company has been effectively maintaining the process of manufacturing of goods. Operating profit margin indicates the profit margin after payment is made for goods as well as its fixed expenses and other variables. This again has been stable for Rolls Royce with no sharp changes. This means that company understands its business very well and is very effective in managing it. The company has knows how to efficiently manage the various processes of its business. Net Profit margin is the actual measure of a company’s financial success. Net profit margin indicates how profitable the company is. Therefore, higher the net profit margin more profitable the company is. Rolls Royce’s performance with respect to net profit margin has been very inconsistent over the past 5 years.

The Significance Of The Suez Crisis

The Significance Of The Suez Crisis The sources I have selected for my coursework concentrate on the impact that the Suez crisis had on the British Empire and its significance in contributing to its downfall. Here there is some dispute as some see the crisis as a minor event that was insignificant or limited whilst others would argue that it was the main reason that the British government lost its position as world leader. However they largely agree that the Suez crisis showed the flaws in British attitudes as a colonial power. In Egypt, France and Britain were the major shareholders in the company that ran the canal and British troops occupied its banks. When Gamal Abdul Nasser came to power in 1954, his main objective was to remove the British from Egypt. This was due to the American and British decision not to finance the construction of the Aswam dam. He took matters into his own hands and took control of the Suez Canal by nationalizing it. The events that occurred after this were extremely quick, Britain and France were hasty to show their discontent in the matter and choose to try to attack Nasser in the hope of getting him replaced and taking control of the Suez once again. The financial importance of the canal was too great for France and Britain to let it be controlled by Egypt alone. So when they attacked Egypt it came as a shock when the United States condemned their actions and made it very clear that they would not support the war against Egypt. The significance of the Suez crisis was that at this point America was asserting its power and influence on Britain for the very first time in history, the balance of power had changed and the United States was now in charge. This would be portrayed years later In Britain as the Suez crisis would be thought of as the symbol, which marked the end of imperial rule. The Suez crisis sent a signal to nationalists in the British Empire that the hour of freedom had arrived but the Americans and not the nationalist chose the hour. The secondary work of  [1]  Niall Ferguson in British Empire supports this as he sates that United States were responsible for dismantling the British Empire due to their reaction to the Suez crisis and causing the uprising and rebellion of the educated class in Africa, which would have a vast influence on British and American politics. As a year after the Suez crisis Ghana got her independence from Britain this could be seen as a direct result of the crisis as it weakened British prestige. It must be distinguished, however , that Ghanaian independence began as early as 1951 when the British had allowed elections for a prime minister , which puts into doubt the importance of the Sue z crisis on growing nationalism however it can not be disregarded that it was a catalyst for the majority of African leaders at the time. Niall Ferguson also suggests that this was significant short-term effect as it was the turning point as America was now in power. As well exposing the empires flaws to the nationalists who were eager to be free from British rule. Furthermore A letter from Eisenhower to Eden dated the 8th of September 1956 illustrates USA asserting its power on Britain. Eisenhower states that;  [2]  The use of military force against Egypt under present circumstances might have consequences even more serious than causing the Arabs to support Nasser it might cause serious misunderstanding between their two countries because frankly there is as yet no public opinion in this country which is prepared to support such a move and the most significant public opinion that there is seems to think that the united nation was formed to prevent the very thing. Eisenhower was trying to imply that any war against Egypt would result in the USSR swooping in and offering alliance to Nasser, which would have a direct impact on the influence of the Russians in the Middle East and this, would consequently harm American interests. Eisenhower knew that the Russians who had developed the port of Alexandria on the coast and also funded the Egyptian economy. He understood that the only reason they did this was to raise the stakes in the cold war, as Russias aim was to expand her influence in the Middle East. So a newfound relationship in North Africa would result in a bigger Russian threat, which America could not take the risk with. Brian Lapping also points out that the main objectives that Egypt and Russia shared was the defeat of colonialism. However this can be interpreted differently as it can seem that the real objective they shared was seeing the downfall of the British rule and prestige rather then just colonialism. Eden and Eisenhower did not share the same opinion about Nasser as he also wrote to Eisenhower regarding the crisis he stated that he was concerned that the seizure of the Suez Canal he saw it as the opening gambit in a planned campaign designed by Nasser to expel all western influence and interests from Arab countries. You may feel even if we are right it would be better to wait until Nasser unmistakable reveled his intensions. But this is the argument which prevailed in 1936 and which we both rejected in 1948 The letter shows the difference in American and British thought regarding the Suez crisis. Eden seems to want to get back British colonial power once again and also he does not want to lose more influence and territory in the area. His belief that Nasser should be controlled was his own attempt of regaining control and power. Eden had old fashion views that Middle Eastern politics should always favor Britain and it was due to these believes that France and Britain went to war against Nasser It shows that Britain along with France could no longer act alone in the world stage something that startled Eden. This change was due to the short term significance o 3Macmillan would learn not to repeat Eden mistakes as he made his main objective to restore the morale and reliability of the conservative party something that Eden had lost. In addition Macmillan did not posse the old fashion views on empire that Eden did, this helped him progress in his political career. The short-term significance of the Suez crisis would have profound effects that would remain in British politicians conscious as they now knew they were seen as a nation to be inferior. American secretary of defense Clark Clifford highlights this as he made this statement The British do not have the resources, the back up a hardware to deal with any big world problemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ they are no longer a powerful ally of ours because they can not afford the cost of an adequate defense effort Clark Clifford supports this idea as he down plays Britains power and dismisses her from resolving any world issues. This shows the extent in which the Suez crisis had on Britains image and influence. Also Dean Rusk the United States Secretary of State pointed out this was the end of an era for the Britain and her rule over her colonies 4President Nixon was quoted saying, For the first time in history we have shown independence of Anglo-French policies towards Asia and Africa which seems to us to reflect the colonial tradition. That declaration of independence has had an electrifying effect throughout the world This shows that the president Nixon was proud and pleased with is countries choice. He portrays America as being a savior In my judgment the Suez crisis remains the turning point in British politics and power. The crisis meant that America was able to assert authority on Britain for the very first time and public view on the empire changed dramatically as it was no longer seen as a prestigious and influential. The crisis had an impact not only on Britain as country but on key individuals that were involved. The Suez crisis had a dramatic effect on Edens career as in 1957 he resigned as Prime Minister after being publicly criticized at home, in later years he would be remembered not for the great things he did before 1956 but for his failure during the Suez crisis. Furthermore Suez crisis changed Nasser from a little known colonel into a great leader who was fighting to help end colonialism. The crisis helped his prestige and hold over his people. The historian Brian Lapping states that the due to the Suez crisis Cairo became the home of many refugee leaders of African anti colonial movements this showed directly that Nasser was defining the British in a insulting and direct way by welcomin g the African nationalists into his country and giving them benefits and luxuries that helped them in their fight for freedom, such as free air tickets to travel anywhere. The Suez crisis would change British politics as new Prime Minster Harold Macmillan decided that in any future events that his party would side with America. He did this because he knew it was the only way he could be popular and not repeat the mistakes of Eden. He also made the effort to get to know very well John Kennedy. Britain Since then has been very hesitant to resist any US policy. This is a direct result of the Suez crisis and the balance of power no longer being in the favor of Britain Conversely some historians have the view that the Suez crisis had made problems such as the political and economical issues that was present before 1956 more perceptible and for this reason the Suez crisis was not a turning point but rather just reveled with staggering clarity the pressures facing the British empire at the time plus if it was not the Suez crisis it would have being another event that would have brought the end of the empire as cracks were beginning to develop. Overall I believe that the Suez crisis did have a massive impact on the British Empire as it changed peoples perceptive of imperialism and made way for the nationalist movement, which would result in the collapse of the empire. Consequently the events of 1956 would be known as the catalyst, which sparked the end of British power and brought the end of the most prestigious empire in history. Gorst and Johnman, as well as Woodward, that Suez somewhat reflected the already-weakening position of the empires, rather than helped engender its demise. (1829 words )

Public Policy Topic: Health Care :: Healthcare, Politics

Through the decades there have been many public policy topics in our society that have a very large impact on the county as whole. They are reasons why American have either prospered and have been set back into recessions. Health is one of the most talked about public policy topics. Health care is topic that affects local and state governments for many reasons. First of all, health care is insurance for people that are injured or ill. Each county has their own type of health care. There are many different types of health care organizations that are offered to people all over the world. Some of these organizations include: the health maintenance group, provider group, and a proposal that combines aspects from both the health maintenance group and the provider group. The most important type of health care insurance is a universal health plan. Universal health care is what will eventually save Americans a large amount of money and it will also guarantee that every American is insured. The number of uninsured citizens has grown to be above 40 million people. Health care is becoming unaffordable and we can eliminate wasteful inadequacies. A centralized national database can be established to make life easier for doctors, and medical professionals will only have to worry about the patience and not who’s paying for the medication for people . There are many people today who do not like the idea of universal health care and refuse to get it. America is known for having the best medical physicians and people are afraid that it will change drastically if we all share one universal health care plan. Also, if the insurance were to decrease in the universal health plan then taxes should skyrocket and therefore the money that is being saved will end up being used for taxes. According to â€Å"Should the Government Provide Free Universal Healthcare for All Americans?† Joe Messerli says that â€Å"The government must pay for this somehow† (Messerli). I agree with this because the government will need the money to fund for this universal health care plan. In a Universal health the patient can be responsible for some cost at the time of the consumption but the majority of the cost is covered by compulsory insurance and tax revenues. To provide health care services for the entire country requires a lot of funding tha t other governments acquire by taxation and also maybe from premiums for some of compulsory health insurance required of all citizens.

Frankenstein and Interview with the Vampire Essay

The gothic horror genre attempts to make the reader/viewer feel a sense of dread, fear, terror, disgust or horror. ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley and ‘Interview with the vampire’ by Neil Jordan both explore the elements which compliment the Gothic Horror Genre. Major elements that are constant throughout the two texts are the constant search for knowledge which can be dangerous if in the wrong hands which can lead to supernatural or inexplicable events, omens or visions occurring, Humanity and the continuous quest to find what it means to be human touching on the idea of life after death, Isolation and the want for companionship, the responsibility of actions and the consequences, wanderers and the idea that women are often shown to be in distress. In the novel ‘Frankenstein’, Victor Frankenstein’s obsession to know more and more about life, how it is created and others who have quested to do the same such as the Ancient Mariner have eventually lead him to the creation of the his own human which was a supernatural event. In this case has also created a disaster due to the constant search for knowledge turning Frankenstein insane and dangerous. After creating the creation Victor saw it as a mistake. ‘I had finished, the beauty of my dream vanished breathless horror and disgust filled my heart’. Later in the book Victor preaches to Walton ‘You search for knowledge as I once did†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘†¦ I hope it does not sting you as it once did me’ Shelley used Emotional Language to express Frankenstein’s horror and disgust in what he has done and creates a sense of forgiveness and pity for Frankenstein. ‘Interview with the Vampire’ a film, demonstrates the same concept of the constant search for knowledge, which leads to a downfall. Louis has always longed to leave his life, as he was never satisfied with the life he was living and has always been curious about vampires and life after death. I longed to be released from it. I wanted to lose it all†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘†¦ My invitation was open to anyone†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘†¦ But it was the vampire that accepted’. This quote shows Louis relentless longing to leave the life he currently is in. This curiousness for answers to life and the unknown leads Louis to the ch oice to become a vampire. Louis accepts not realising that becoming a new person/vampire does not erase the feelings of a human only makes them worse because he is now locked in a life of evil with no way out. Hubris is a technique that Jordan uses to show Louis fatal flaw of searching for something new to end his current life, by becoming a vampire Louis for fills this temporarily but eventually finds there is no way out and is worse off that before. This gives the reader pity and sorrow towards Louis. Both composers have explored the theme of Humanity and the continuous quest to find out what it means to be human, touching on the idea of life after death. In ‘Frankenstein’ Victor is faced with the decision to free Justine from death. In order to do this he must confess that the creature he created in actual fact was the murderer of poor little William and risk his dignity and pride throughout the town ‘†¦horror would be looked upon as madness by the vulgar’ or remain a trusted and honoured member of the community and let an innocent human die for his own dignity. This question that he was forced to ask him self is also another way to ask the question of ‘what it means to be human? ’. Victor chooses to keep this valuable information to himself and lets Justine die.

Who do you Think is to Blame for the Death of Eva Smith

Eva died two hours before the inspector came. She died because she drank a lot of â€Å"strong disinfectant† which burnt her â€Å"inside out†. Inspector Goole goes to the Birling’s house to confront each one of them and place responsibility on them. Though the inspector does not tell us it, it is quite obvious that he is there not to find the â€Å"main culprit† but instead he is there to make the Birling’s see through somebodies eyes of the Lower â€Å"class† and feel some â€Å"responsibility†.Each and every one of them, Mr Birling, Sheila, Gerald, Mrs Birling and Eric, all played a part in Eva’s death and the inspector wants them to realise this and accept responsibility. Mr Birling holds the big responsibility of starting the whole thing, and he was the first to turn Eva away. Eva Smith was working at â€Å"the Works† which Mr Birling owned. She had been working in one of the â€Å"machine shops† for over year and she was a â€Å"good worker†. She was about to be promoted to a â€Å"leading operator† which was a person who was the â€Å"head† of a small group of girls.When Eva and everyone else came back from the August holidays they were all â€Å"restless† and asked for a pay rise. However Mr Birling refused their offer saying he couldn’t even â€Å"consider† it. Eva and all of the other girls decided to go on strike which didn’t â€Å"last long†. The â€Å"pitiful affair† was over after a week or two. Mr Birling let everyone back apart from the ring-leaders, who â€Å"started all of the â€Å"trouble†. Unfortunately Eva was one of the ring-leaders and like the rest, she was fired. This was the start of the snow ball effect of events that drove Eva towards killing herself and her unborn child.However Mr Birling refused to accept responsibility for his actions. Sheila was next to turn Eva down, all because of her bad temper. After â€Å"two months† of barely surviving, after Mr Birling fired her, Eva found a job at a dress shop. This dress store was Millwards, which happened to be one of Sheila’s favourite dress shops and Eva was â€Å"very lucky† to get a job there. Sheila went into Millwards to try on a dress which both the shop assistant and Mrs Birling were â€Å"against†. When Sheila tried on the dress she knew they were right because it â€Å"didn’t suit† her and this put her in a bad mood.Eva and the assistant, â€Å"Miss Francis†, brought the dress up from the work room. Miss Francis asked something about the dress and to show them Eva held up the dress as if she was â€Å"wearing† it and Sheila thought it â€Å"suited† her. When Sheila tried the dress on and saw it didn’t suit her, she â€Å"caught sight† of Eva smiling to Miss Francis and Sheila interpreted Eva’s smile wrongly. Sheila became infuriated and was â€Å"very rude† to them. She stormed off to the manager and told him that Eva had been â€Å"very impertinent†.She told the manager that if he didn’t fire Eva she would never â€Å"go near† Millwards again and would â€Å"persuade† Mrs Birling to â€Å"close† the family account. This was the next event that let suicide persuade Eva. However Sheila accepted responsibility for her actions and even grieved for Eva. After Sheila â€Å"compelled† Millwards to discharge Eva, Eva changed her name to Daisy Renton to start again. This is when Gerald stepped into her life and became one of the main people in her roller-coaster life. Gerald went to the Palace Hotel Bar in Brumley because the show in the Music Hall wasn’t â€Å"very bright†.He first saw Daisy when she was â€Å"wedged† into a corner by Old Joe Meggarty, who was known as a â€Å"notorious womaniser†. Daisy saw Gerald looking at her and gave hi m a look which was â€Å"nothing less than a cry for help†. Gerald told Mr Meggarty that â€Å"the manager had a message for him†. This freed Daisy from Mr Meggarty and his â€Å"half-drunk and goggle-eyed† stare. Gerald took Daisy out of the Palace Bar at once. He took her to the County Hotel and they talked. They met again two nights later, â€Å"not accidently this time†, and he let her move into his friends â€Å"set of rooms† while he was in Canada.He also gave her money to keep her going and visited her â€Å"regularly†. She soon became his â€Å"mistress† after he became the â€Å"most important person† in her life. However in the â€Å"first week of September† Gerald had to go away on a business trip and he broke it off with Daisy before he left. Daisy was very â€Å"gallant† about it because she knew he didn’t love her and would never marry her. However this did affect her a lot because once again her hopes had been risen, only to be put back down again. Quite rightly Gerald accepted responsibility and felt bad for his actions toward Daisy.The next person to meet and turn down Eva was Eris. Eris meet Eva in the same place Herald met her, the Palace Hotel Bar one night in November. He was there with a few friends and he had been there for a few hours so he was a bit â€Å"squiffy†. He went over to Eva and began talking to her. He â€Å"stood† her a few drinks and by the time they left he was rather â€Å"far gone†. He insisted on going to her lodgings. However Eva refused to let him in which made Eric angry just as Sheila had been. He began to threaten her saying he would â€Å"make a row† which would get her kicked out of where she was staying.She reluctantly let him inside. He met her again about a fortnight later, but not by â€Å"appointment† and the events of before was very â€Å"vague† in Eric’s mind. Eric went home with her again but they talked for â€Å"a bit† this time. They met twice again and Eva told Eric that she was going to â€Å"have a baby† and Eric was in a â€Å"hell of a state† about it and so was Eva. Eva didn’t want to marry Eric so instead Eric gave her some money to keep her going for a while, until she â€Å"refused† to take anymore because she knew it was stolen.This put Eva into a very sticky situation because the money she had was not going to last her long and she was now going to have a baby to support as well. Eric wished that he could have done more and he accepted responsibility. However this did push Eva even further towards her end. Mrs Birling was the final person to turn Eva down and the one who finally pushed her over the edge. After running out of money, Eva decided to go to the Brumley Woman’s Charity for help. Eva was on her final straw and changed her name to â€Å"Mrs Birling† after Eric.Unfortunately for Eva the real Mrs Birling was the one who took her appeal. When Mrs Birling meet Eva and found out what she was calling herself, she thought it was a piece of â€Å"gross impertinence† and she soon became â€Å"prejudice† against Eva. Eva created a fake story so she didn’t look as bad and was sure to get a â€Å"claim†. She told Mrs Birling that she had been married but her husband had â€Å"deserted† her, leaving her with no money. However Mrs Birling began â€Å"questioning† her and Mrs Birling soon â€Å"broke† her. Eva told Mrs Birling about Eric, however she never revealed his name to Mrs Birling.Mr Birling didn’t believe her, due to the fact that Eva used Mrs Birling’s name which made Mrs Birling â€Å"prejudice† against her. Mrs Birling used her â€Å"influence† to get the committee to â€Å"refuse† Eva’s claim. Eva was refused help and was turned down once again apart from this was the last tim e. Mrs Birling refused to accept responsibility because she feel she’s did nothing wrong and only Eva had â€Å"herself to blame†. In conclusion I feel everyone is equally responsible for the death of Eva Smith. Even if alone each thing each person did to Eva didn’t affect her too greatly, together they caused the death of two people, Eva and her unborn child.The Birling family must have driven Eva so far into depression that Eva believed that there was no point of her child being born and have to live the life she did. However it may seem obvious that it was the Birling family that was mainly to blame for the death of Eva Smith, but if you look into the background of the novella it is actually the Birling’s social â€Å"class you need to blame. This is because people of the Middle Class in 1912 looked down on the Lower Class and treated them harshly just as they did with Eva. Moreover I believe this is who J B Priestly is trying to blame but he has port rayed it through the Birling family.

Idioms for Fabric and Other Materials

Idioms for Fabric and Other Materials Idioms for Fabric and Other Materials Idioms for Fabric and Other Materials By Mark Nichol Words for various materials used in clothing have been applied to various descriptive terms and idiomatic expressions, including those described below. Cotton-picking is a euphemism to express anger or frustration. To cotton to something is to take a liking to it or to come to an understanding of it (the phrasing can also be â€Å"cotton on to†), and to cotton up to someone is to flatter. Meanwhile, to be in high or tall cotton is to be successful (from the notion of a cotton planter walking among large plants). Dyed-in-the-wool is an adjective meaning â€Å"set in one’s ways,† from the practice of dying wool fibers before they are spun into thread so that the dye is more durable. To pull the wool over someone’s eyes (a reference to a wig made of wool) is to deceive them, to wrap them up in cotton wool is to be overprotective (with the connotation of swaddling someone as if they were a baby), and to live in cotton wool is to live a protected life. To woolgather, meanwhile, is to daydream; the idiom stems from the seemingly aimless act of collecting bits of wool on bushes and fences. â€Å"All wool and a yard wide† and â€Å"all wool and no shoddy† both denote an honorable person or something of high quality. Various other expressions including wool, including â€Å"all cry and no wool† â€Å"great cry and little wool,† and â€Å"more cry than wool,† allude to much attention given to something of little significance. â€Å"Go hell for leather† or â€Å"go hell-bent for leather† means â€Å"act quickly† or â€Å"act recklessly.† (The leather in question originally referred to a saddle, with the notion of riding a horse quickly or recklessly.) â€Å"Tough as (shoe) leather† refers figuratively to physical fortitude or literally to something resembling leather, as a cut of meat. Leathery may describe something akin to leather in appearance or texture, as to skin roughened by exposure to the elements, and someone who is leather lunged has a very loud or strong voice, while the phrase â€Å"as ever trod shoe leather† is a more colorful way of saying â€Å"as ever lived† or â€Å"as ever walked the earth† following a compliment (or denigrating remark) in order to intensify it. Lacy describes something resembling lace, such as a dew-drenched spider web or a delicate coating. To lace is not only to thread or trim but also to add a color, flavor, or other quality to something or otherwise enhance it. Silky describes fluid or smooth movement or texture, and â€Å"smooth as silk† describes something or someone delicate in demeanor or texture. The expression â€Å"You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear† means that something refined cannot be produced from rough materials, while â€Å"silk-stocking district† connotes an affluent neighborhood, from the fact that at one time, only the wealthy could afford such items. To hit the silk, meanwhile, is to parachute from an airplane (an allusion to the material used for the parachute). Satiny also suggests smoothness. Meanwhile, the smooth, plush texture of velvet, which is made of one of several fabrics, is suggested with the adjective velvety. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesSit vs. Set

Ideal Gas Law Worked Chemistry Examples

Ideal Gas Law Worked Chemistry Examples You may wish to refer to the General Properties of Gases to review concepts and formulae related to ideal gasses. Ideal Gas Law Problem #1 Problem A hydrogen gas thermometer is found to have a volume of 100.0 cm3 when placed in an ice-water bath at 0 °C. When the same thermometer is immersed in boiling liquid chlorine, the volume of hydrogen at the same pressure is found to be 87.2 cm3. What is the temperature of the boiling point of chlorine? Solution For hydrogen, PV nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. Initially: P1 P, V1 100 cm3, n1 n, T1 0 273 273 K PV1 nRT1 Finally: P2 P, V2 87.2 cm3, n2 n, T2 ? PV2 nRT2 Note that P, n, and R are the same. Therefore, the equations may be rewritten: P/nR T1/V1 T2/V2 and T2 V2T1/V1 Plugging in the values we know: T2 87.2 cm3 x 273 K / 100.0 cm3 T2 238 K Answer 238 K (which could also be written as -35 °C) Ideal Gas Law Problem #2 Problem 2.50 g of XeF4  gas is placed into an evacuated  3.00 liter  container at 80 °C. What is the pressure in the container? Solution PV nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the  number  of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. P?V 3.00 litersn 2.50 g XeF4  x 1 mol/ 207.3 g XeF4   0.0121 molR 0.0821 l ·atm/(mol ·K)T 273 80 353 K Plugging in these values: P nRT/V P 00121 mol x 0.0821 l ·atm/(mol ·K) x 353 K / 3.00 liter P 0.117 atm Answer 0.117 atm

Ah Are You Digging On My Gra

Ah, Are You Diging On My Gra Essay, Research Paper The insignificance of human life compared to the transition of clip and continuance of the life rhythm are explored in both Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Ah, Are You Diging On My Grave # 8221 ; and John Keats # 8220 ; When I Have Fears # 8221 ; . Hardy uses the relationships between a dead adult female and her household, friends and pet to demo this insignificance, while Keats uses the magniloquence of nature. Although the verse forms use different riming techniques, similarities are found in their constructions. Hardy writes in a manner of his ain creative activity but uses four of the six poetries to foreground different illustrations of the adult female # 8217 ; s relationships with those left buttocks. The fifth is used as a edifice up of hope, and the concluding poetry is used to demo both the storyteller and the reader how shortly what we consider of import and meaningful in life, can be diminished or forgotten in the lives and day-to-day modus operandis of those left buttocks. Keats, meanwhile, uses a standard sonnet signifier, utilizing his three quatrains to each give a different illustration of what the adult male hopes to carry through in life. The concluding rhyming pair shows his credence of his life as little and undistinguished as compared to the breadth of nature and the universe as a whole ; # 8220 ; -then in the shore Of the broad universe I stand entirely, and believe Till Love and Fame to nothingness make sink. # 8221 ; These verse forms are written from different point of views ; Hardy writes as a adult female already in her grave, and Keats as a adult male still alive. Yet both storytellers come to the decision that what we consider to be of great importance in our lives, is frequently of small to no importance after we die. Time will go through, and life will travel on merely as will without us. However, both of the storytellers figure this fact out in really different ways. The adult male in Keats # 8217 ; verse forms, while alive, has given clip to halt and see how his concerns are proved fiddling, and hence forestall his badgering. Assumeably this will assist him to bask his life, and to be thankful for whatever clip he is left with. The adult female in Hardy # 8217 ; s verse form, nevertheless, is still preoccupied with her life, even after she is dead and buried in her grave. It takes the # 8220 ; day-to-day jog # 8221 ; of her Canis familiaris to do her recognize how small she genuinely has affected the lives of those around her. The insignificance of the adult female in Hardy # 8217 ; s verse form is shown in four separate illustrations. The first examines the relationship with her hubby. Alternatively of goi nanogram to her sedate site with flowers and unhappiness, he has merely wed another, richer adult female. While she lies in her grave, and still thinks of her hubby as her â€Å"loved one† , he is acquiring on with his life and giving the love that he one time had for her to another adult female. Her kids are besides seeking to travel on, recognizing that no flowers or attention for her grave will of all time convey her dorsum to life, and hence believing that there is no usage brooding on what was. Even the 1 who was her enemy in life no longer hates her, believing that to detest her is a waste of attempt. Finally, the woman’s pet Canis familiaris, the â€Å"one true heart† , who likely stuck by her loyally in life, and loved her above any other, has forgotten all about her, merely retrieving her and her grave as he by chance starts to delve a hole in her grave site to bury a bone to eat on a day-to-day walk. Meanwhile, the adult male in Keats # 8217 ; poem recognize his insignificance in a far gentler, and easier manner. When he starts to worry about deceasing before he has written down everything his head is full of, or about whether or non he # 8217 ; s traveling to see the adult female he loves once more, he takes himself to # 8220 ; the shore of the broad universe # 8221 ; , and shows himself how fiddling such concerns are. He realizes that when he is gone, the universe will maintain turning, life will go on to travel on, and it # 8217 ; s a instead demeaning experience for him. The two characters come to the realisation of there insignificance through wholly different ways. The adult female in Hardy # 8217 ; s verse form, seemed to be instead vain and likely considered her life to be unrealized. Unfortunately she was forced to recognize the truth through the fore-mentioned events. On the other manus, the adult male in the Keats # 8217 ; verse form is in awe of nature and the universe around him. He is happy that he found love, and is able to come to footings with the fact that life will travel on without him. Because of the sad and unfortunate subjects to both verse forms, I truly didn # 8217 ; t bask either of them all that much, but if I were to see one to be my front-runner over the other, it would hold to be John Keats # 8217 ; # 8220 ; When I Have Fears # 8221 ; . I found that the construction ( the fact that it was written in the sonnet manner ) , and the rhyming form, made it a drum sander and easier read. I found Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Ah, Are You Diging On My Grave? # 8221 ; to be slightly humdrum. I had a job with maintaining my attending during the verse form and felt he could hold got his point across in a much shorter or possibly less insistent manner. 341

Write a report on the UK Government Green Policies and its Essay

Write a report on the UK Government Green Policies and its implications both positive and negative on enterprise based in the UK - Essay Example People all across the globe are very worried about the problems. Slicing carbon emission has been identified as one of the prime issues for increasing pollution. In the month of March in the year of 2010, Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) published a plan which is related with the climate change. This plan defines about DEFRA’s policy to reduce emission of greenhouse gas and also address the opportunities and risk associated with present climate change (DEFRA, n.d.). The government of the United Kingdom supported the Green Grid which is a non-profit making organization working in whole world for the boost of IT energy efficiency. Department of Energy (DOE) of US is grouping with Green Grid to the advance efficiency of energy in IT world (Mellor, 2007). The EU code of conduct is developed for the greener datacenters. UK Chief of Information Office Council has been summoned for reducing the footprint of carbon in government computers and also to improve the efficiency of IT in public sector by Gillian Merron, the Cabinet Minister. The UK government brings new plan in order to control the climate change. This plan sets the belief of the government that stumpy carbon transformation will be the most important drivers of growth of economy and also creation of job – in UK and globally (Pindyk, n.d.). On 31st March of 2010, DECC has opened a collaborative consultation document with Department for Business, Innovation and Skills about the stumpy carbon skills. The government has also started to tackle the problem. This is true that humans commit the wrong things for the environment like polluting lakes and rivers, discharging sulfur dioxide in the air and also releasing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that causes ozone depletion. So, the government restrictions and intervention of taxes on the emission, prevents this kind destructive

Israeli Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Israeli Economy - Essay Example This study will focus on the ethnic considerations in regards to the economy of the Israeli state as well as the Jewish state/Israeli nation discourse that accompanies it. The role of religion in economy will also be discussed. The approach of this study will be through first providing a brief background on the historical ethnic composition in regards to Ashkenazi and Sephardis and then detailing the historical and contemporary perspectives of the issues in question before concluding with a look at how Post-Zionism may respond to the issues addressed in the essay. Ethnic Background on Israel (Ashkenazi/Sephardi) Tsur (231) discusses the distribution of Jews in the pre-Zionist era, stating that Jews could be viewed geographically as European (residing in Europe) or Afro-Asian (residing in North Africa and Asia especially in the Middle East). With this categories established, it is then observed that the Zionist migration into Palestine at the time of establishment of the Israeli state (1948) was heavily inclined towards European Jewry with majority of the immigrants streaming in from Eastern Europe in comparison to those from North Africa and the Middle East. This pre-Zionist categorization spawned the major ethnic classification Ashkenazi and Sephardi that have later characterized the socio-economic and political landscape of Israel. Although it is difficult to define Jewry, the Ashkenazi Jews are the ones who originated from European nations. Originally, Ashkenazi referred to Jews from Germany who had settled in Eastern Europe and spoke Yiddish. Sephardi, on the other hand, referred to Jews from the Iberian Peninsula who had also settled in the Ottoman Empire. The two nuclei origins of Jews later incorporated other Jews, with those from Eastern Europe and later from America ascribing with Ashkenazi while those from Islamic North African and Middle East countries identified with the Sephardi (Tsur, 232; Dowty 1-3). Hence, the Zionist migration largely featured Ashkenazi Jews, with the changes all aspects of the Israeli society following showing elements of the two ethnic inclinations as is the subject of the rest of this discussion. Historical Perspectives on Ethnic Economic Considerations Kaplan notes that the immigrants from Asia and Africa (the Sephardi), generally began their lives in the new state at significant socio-economic disadvantage as compared to the dominant Ashkenazi population. While the most of the Ashkenazi seized the numerous opportunities in the working and middle class levels due to possession of marketable skills, advancement in education and considerable favour from the authorities, the Sephardi had to make do with low income jobs and settled in marginal neighbourhoods and settlements that were largely economically non-stimulating. Kaplan also indicates that economic inequality was further compounded in the entire first generation of Ashkenazi and Sephardi born in the state of Israel as the Sephardi traditionally ha d larger families which strained the already limited resources available. The manifestation of this ethnic disparity in historical economic terms can be seen in the statistics available on incomes, distribution of occupation and education before 1975. By 1956-1957, the Sephardi averagely earned 73% of what the Ashkenazi earned increasing to 82% by 1975. When the large Sephardi families are taken

My Personal Philosophy of Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

My Personal Philosophy of Aging - Essay Example Never in my life had I imagined that old age could be interesting and fan. The video clip however, proved that this was possible and that there are old people out there who are really enjoying being old. These people can dance, keep healthy and fit, party and widely socialize with one another. It is through this moment that, I completely shunned my previous view of old age as being boring, frustrating, sickly and of it being only a step away from death. Seeing this video has made me realize that, aging is unique to every person and it only depends on how one wants it to impact on his or her life. I have learnt that, I am the one to determine the kind of life to have as an older person. This has also taught me to treat each elderly person individually, identify their needs and respond to those needs separately without generalization. This will also be an effective way of ensuring that the treatment and care I give during practice is in line with the assessment done on an individual and specific problem and needs identified (Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses, 1997). I have also realized that being old is just a continuation of a person’s life and that it should not stop one from living his or her life as before. Health is of value even during this age and maintaining it in terms of exercise, diet and positively enjoying oneself should be a priority for all (Wilmoth & Ferraro, 2004). Other than this, the old equally want to be loved, taken care of, have company and be respected just like everyone else. Caring for the older people during my practice should therefore ensure that my patients not only feel, respected, loved and cared for as brought about by Grinspun, et al. (2001-2002), but that they also feel like their transition into old age is normal and that it can be exciting as well. My role in taking care of them will include teaching them how to enjoy their life. The defining moment during this course has taught me

Shipping Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Shipping Law - Essay Example carriage and its acceptance by the shipper, including the advertisement of the carriage, the booking notice, any statements by agents, and other such evidence, with the bill of lading as the capstone. Since, the bill of lading is only signed by one party, the agent of the carrier, with the shipper or his forwarding agent, responsible for the description of the goods to be loaded or already loaded, the bill of lading has been described as a contract for adhesion or a standard form contract if the shipper is using the usual forms provided by the carrier. The named consignee, often the shipper himself, is also a party to bill of lading, first, by receiving the goods at its destination upon producing the bill of lading, and, second, as he may assume the risk covered by insurance during the voyage although he has not yet acquired title to the goods. (b) TC has indicated to Susan that he will accept liability to her for damage to half ofthe goods. He intends to limit this liability under the US Carriage of Goods by SeaAct 1936. Susan has said that as she is the lawful holder of the bills of lading, shecan sue him for all of the goods and that the Hague-Visby Rules will apply. IsSusan correct in these beliefs Hague-Visby Rules is one of the rule which defines the rights and duties of parties in a contract of carriage of goods by sea, insurance for goods, and transfer of title. The Hague and Hague- Visby rules are generally identical, except for provisions dealing with limitations of liability, third parties and a few minor areas. The Visby amendments to the Hague Rules increase the limits... As indicated earlier, the bill of lading is the best evidence of the contract of carriage, but the entire contract depends upon the offer of service by the carriage and its acceptance by the shipper, including the advertisement of the carriage, the booking notice, any statements by agents, and other such evidence, with the bill of lading as the capstone. Since, the bill of lading is only signed by one party, the agent of the carrier, with the shipper or his forwarding agent, responsible for the description of the goods to be loaded or already loaded, the bill of lading has been described as a contract for adhesion or a standard form contract if the shipper is using the usual forms provided by the carrier. The named consignee, often the shipper himself, is also a party to bill of lading, first, by receiving the goods at its destination upon producing the bill of lading, and, second, as he may assume the risk covered by insurance during the voyage although he has not yet acquired title to the goods. Hague-Visby Rules is one of the rule which defines the rights and duties of parties in a contract of carriage of goods by sea, insurance for goods, and transfer of title. The Hague and Hague- Visby rules are generally identical, except for provisions dealing with limitations of liability, third parties and a few minor areas. The Visby amendments to the Hague Rules increase the limits of the carrier liability, change the method of expressing the limitation amount (by weight).

Traditional and Nontraditional Litigation Paper Research

Traditional and Nontraditional Litigation - Research Paper Example Traditional litigation makes use of the court system during dispute resolution. The accessible laws normally bind the attorneys in this system in their representation of the client. The nature of the detailed laws used in this system makes it costly and formal. On its part, the alternative dispute resolution happens when the disputing parties reach an agreement to resolve their cases outside court. This makes it less expensive and time-consuming (Carle, 2005). Nontraditional litigation uses such forms of dispute resolution as mediation, arbitration, conciliation and negotiation. The attorneys and their clients must permit a third party to help during the resolution. This can be either a conciliator or a mediator (Carle, 2005). Apparently, a conciliator will actively take part in the litigation process until the time when the parties will arrive at a decision. Meanwhile, a mediator will be the go between two disputing parties. When arbitration is used for dispute resolution, the arbitrator, who acts as the third party is the one who makes the final judgment. The decisions resulting from nontraditional litigation process legally bind all parties, and need to be entered with the courts (Carle, 2005). The nontraditional litigation process does not generate publicity and can be favorable to many attorneys and clients who are afraid of publicity. While the traditional litigation process would accord publicity to some cases based on their nature, the nontraditional litigation process can happen and go unnoticed. In traditional litigation process cases, power is based on the strength of the evidence that is represented in court and the party representing the evidence while in alternative dispute resolution, both the disputing parties enjoy equal rights (Carle, 2005). A case in point involves the personal disputes such as insurance claims and divorce. In traditional litigation, one party may dominate the process based

The program Meet the Press with David Gregory Assignment

The program Meet the Press with David Gregory - Assignment Example He further stated that this was a great mistake on the part of President Obama, and may cost his party the November elections. He also stated that the reforms would not come into effect until 2014, but that the tax increases and Medicare cuts would go into effect as soon as the bill was passed. On a similar note, in the debate between Republican National Committee Michael Steele said that the bill was clearly a form of government takeover, and was against all that America stood for, therefore, the outrage against it is legitimate. He, however, did admit that some steps by the Tea Party Activists were excessive and not supported by the Republican Party, like the racial and bigoted comments made to some of the Congressmen. Democratic National Committee Chairman Tim Kaine supported the bill and said that the people’s support would be won once the bill came into effect and people saw the benefits of the reforms, because in essence people wanted all of this, but were misled by the statements of the Republicans. However, both of them, in answer to David Gregory’s question, said that they were hopeful for bipartisan agreement on future projects/bills, with Tim Kaine citing an article by two Senators, that talked about a bipartisan agreement on the issue of immigratio n reform. Chuck Todd had some reservations about the purported success of the program. Whereas Democrat Anita Dunn and Republican Ed Gillespie, true to their party affiliations, stuck to their party’s stance on the issue. Democrat Anita Dunn pointed out that healthcare reform has been an issue for the past century, and it is brave of President Obama to try to tackle it head-on. She said that the winners in the scenario would be the Americans who will no longer need to be worried about their insurance and that the Republicans were using scare tactics to get the people into believing things about the healthcare bill that are not true. Ed Gillespie  stated that the decision of President Obama will be historic, but in the sense that it is a bad one.  

Traditional and Nontraditional Litigation Paper Research

Traditional and Nontraditional Litigation - Research Paper Example Traditional litigation makes use of the court system during dispute resolution. The accessible laws normally bind the attorneys in this system in their representation of the client. The nature of the detailed laws used in this system makes it costly and formal. On its part, the alternative dispute resolution happens when the disputing parties reach an agreement to resolve their cases outside court. This makes it less expensive and time-consuming (Carle, 2005). Nontraditional litigation uses such forms of dispute resolution as mediation, arbitration, conciliation and negotiation. The attorneys and their clients must permit a third party to help during the resolution. This can be either a conciliator or a mediator (Carle, 2005). Apparently, a conciliator will actively take part in the litigation process until the time when the parties will arrive at a decision. Meanwhile, a mediator will be the go between two disputing parties. When arbitration is used for dispute resolution, the arbitrator, who acts as the third party is the one who makes the final judgment. The decisions resulting from nontraditional litigation process legally bind all parties, and need to be entered with the courts (Carle, 2005). The nontraditional litigation process does not generate publicity and can be favorable to many attorneys and clients who are afraid of publicity. While the traditional litigation process would accord publicity to some cases based on their nature, the nontraditional litigation process can happen and go unnoticed. In traditional litigation process cases, power is based on the strength of the evidence that is represented in court and the party representing the evidence while in alternative dispute resolution, both the disputing parties enjoy equal rights (Carle, 2005). A case in point involves the personal disputes such as insurance claims and divorce. In traditional litigation, one party may dominate the process based

Implementing Effective Job Delegation in the Units Essay Example for Free

Implementing Effective Job Delegation in the Units Essay As a supervisor on our medical surgical unit, our hospital patient satisfaction scores for the past two years have been going down and there is a great need to improve patient satisfaction scores, particularly in the area of effective job delegation. Research (2011) has shown that a leader who does not delegate might likely feel stressed and overloaded. Although it might seem the best way for work to get done, is to do it yourself, but its not a good long-term solution. Feedback and review remain helpful and important, although the relationship is more likely one of mentoring, rather than coaching. The Question In order to improve patient satisfaction score in hospitals, the first question that health care providers should ask is what can be done to improve the quality of care given to our patients, and the second question is, how can effective job delegation improve our patient satisfaction score in our hospital? Will the creation of a policy on implementation of effective job delegation, encourage collaboration between the nursing staff and personnel to ensure that all personnel are not stressed or overworked? On our medical surgical unit, nurses struggle to deliver all the care their patients need, but are unable, due to stress and overwork. Good delegation saves time, develops people, grooms a successor, and motivates. Poor delegation will cause frustration, discouragement and Confusion, as such the delegated person will fail to carry out the delegated task. Effective job delegation will improve our patient satisfaction scores, even if most nurses would prefer to deliver all the care their patients need, but can’t, due to overwork and stress. The delegated task may be small, but has a large overall impact for all those involved. Nursing is a demanding profession, often nurses feel as though there are not enough hours in the day to complete all tasks, delegation of job will help nurses complete all the jobs allocated, this will help improve patient’s satisfaction scores. In the medical field today there is shortage of nurses, but still nurses are still expected to provide safe and effective care for their patients, by elegating some aspects of care to others this goal can be archived. Evidenced-Based Studies Many studies have been performed on effective job delegation. An article by American Nurses Association: Research and expert opinions suggest that effective job delegation frees up Nurses to do what they have been educated to do and coordinate patient care (ANA, 2020). It explained that delegating jobs help improve collaboration between healthcare workers, by delegating some aspects of care to others. Another article in the ADVANCE web site published by trustworthy researchers, who did the research on: why it is significant for healthcare workers to delegate job: since they decided what patient care intervention is necessary and how, when, and by whom these interventions need to be provided. The article narrated how effective job delegation will improve patient satisfaction scores; though most nurses would prefer to deliver all the care their patients need (Juno, 2010). An advanced research was carried out by nursing expert, who explained, that effective job delegation will improve patient satisfaction scores due to nurses shortage and the need to lower medical cost. The article describes how good job delegation saves time, develops people, grooms a successor, and motivates workers, while Poor job delegations causes frustration and overwork to nurses, making the task of healthcare workers difficult to give safe healthcare to their patients ( Juno, 2010). It explained that delegating jobs help improve collaboration between workers. An international research in South Africa discovered that there is a large disparity in service levels workload, between private and public sectors. The research point out that effective job delegation is necessary for both private and public sectors for jobs to be carried out efficiently (AFN, 2012). The organization Advocate for Nurses carries out a research and found out that the provision of health care in America has been compromised by the loss of trained health workers due to over work and stress, the article explained that when Managers or leaders engage in effective job delegation in the health care organization, Nurses will not leave the profession because of overwork and stress. It explained that poor job delegation lead to pressure and work overload, because most nurses think they can provide all the care their patient need, which is impossible to do, as such leaving one tressed, unhappy, and feeling that youre letting your profession down, the solution to prevent this feeling is effective job delegation (AFN, 2012). They also explained why health care worker have to delegate, because of changes in healthcare delivery, they stressed the fact that task delegation is here to stay at least for the foreseeable future. Job delegation is crucial to cost containment and Job d elegation is important; as such health care professionals should take it as an expected professional nursing activity (AFN, 2012). The Proposal The outcome of creating a policy is something that is realistically obtainable in a professional practice: Access to the hospital policies, meeting with floor managers/unit leaders and Identifying problems in our hospital have shown that our nurses and managers are stressed and overworked. The task of a competent manager is not to do all the work on his or her own, but to smartly deliver within the given parameters of budget and timeline I propose that all managers must make sure that the delegated person understands the importance of the task, the responsibility it brings and the long-term consequences. Once they are clear about the task it becomes easy for the job to be accomplished. Managers should make sure, those who are delegated, feel they are contributing to the success of the organization rather than standing on the periphery, and they must ensure that the job being delegated is handed to the appropriate individual, because if the task is not done, the person who delegated the job as well as the delegated person are responsible for non-performance of the job. Delegation is transferring a competent individual the authority to perform selected tasks in a selected situation. Effect job delegation facilitates success and trust among nurse, who then be able to deliver safe and satisfactory care of patients, as a result improve patient’s satisfaction scores. Conclusion Effective delegation involves achieving the desired results, managing the demanding deadlines, empowering and equipping the team. Ultimately, the responsibility of getting delegated job accomplished remains with the manager. Researchers have shown that leaders who do not delegate feel stressed and overloaded with work. Good delegation saves time, develops people, grooms a successor, and motivates. Poor delegation will cause frustration, discouragement and confusion. Effective job delegation strategies incorporated into health care practice can provide health care workers with more time for professional nursing roles, and enhance job satisfaction in the areas of decision-making and promotional opportunity.

Four Forms of Participant Observation: Ethical Issues

Four Forms of Participant Observation: Ethical Issues Introduction I have no great quickness of apprehension or witmy power to follow a long and purely abstract of thought is very limited (but) I am superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully Charles Darwin, Preface to The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Participant observation (PO) is one of the more fruitful methodological approaches to studying crowd behavior in the normal society. Obviously, PO includes two main parts, there are participating and observing. Form the first moment people was born, it already been used. People use observation to watch the world around them and try to participant in it, in other words, people grow up in company with participating and observing. There are two main aspects in this assignment as well. The first aspect is to explain the context and identification of Participant Observation; in second aspect, I will focus on the ethics and reactivity of the four forms which is outlined in Norris work. In this part, I will combine the fourfold categorisation which developed by Gill and Johnson (2002) with the four roles mentioned in Norris work, and then conclude my own ideas about the ethics and reactivity in PO research. What is Participant Observation? Participant Observation is a qualitative method with the roots in traditional ethnographic research. PO is the researcher attempts to participate fully in the lives and activities of subjects and thus become a member of their group, organization or community. This enables researchers to share their experiences by not merely observing what is happening but also feeing it (Gill and Johnson 2002:144). Form this identification, it is not difficult to find out that PO is not only a sample data collection as questionnaire; it is also an insider. When researchers doing their task, as Delbridge and Kirkpatrick (1994:37) notes that PO means immersion in the research setting, with the objective of sharing in peoples lives while attempting to learn their symbolic world. The mean process of Participant Observation is to understand and feel peoples subtle behavior in normal lives and attempt to learn their symbolic world. So just making sense about some basic role of human behavior or observing those behaviors is not the key point of PO, PO process include more than just observe, it also has data collection and note-taking and so on. To be honest, according to Bryman (1989): many definitions of ethnography and participant observation are difficult to distinguish form each other. Speaking in theory, Ethnography is a holistic research. MaCall and Simmons define ethnography as:some amount of genuine social interaction in the field with the subjects of study, some direct observation of relevant event, some formal and a great deal of informal interviewing, some systematic counting, some collection of documents and artefacts; and open-endedness in the direction the study takes. So that is why I said that PO is a qualitative method with the roots in traditional ethnographic research in the beginning. In other words, PO is included in ethnography research. Ethnography literally means a portrait a people. An ethnography is a written descriptions of particular culture - the customs, beliefs, and behavior based on information gathered through fieldwork (Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, 2000). So the ethnography is a multidi sciplinary research including intensive language and culture learning, intensive study of a single field or domain, and a blend of historical, observational, and interview methods. The four forms of PO outlined in Norris work Norris work considered to some ethical considerations on Field-Work in the context of his own research on police culture. Covert research vs. Overt research Cover research takes place in the situation that public are not aware of the people as a researcher and the researcher process, the researchers conceal themselves to the public. On the contrary, overt research take place in the situation that researchers reveal the true identity of themselves to the public and let the experimenters know the process and purpose of research even let them know the potential risk of research. However, the distinction between overt and covert research is not evident. There is a case provided by Glucksman (1994), who in the 1970s left her academic post to work on a factory assembly line to explore the reasons why feminism appeared not to be relevant to working-class women. In a sense, she was a covert observer, but her motives for the research were primarily political and she says that, at the time she was undertaking the research, she had no intention of writing the book that subsequently appeared and that was published under a pseudonym (Cavendish 1982). After the books publication, it was treated as an example of ethnographic research. Every research method has the merit and demerit, so the cover and overt research are not exception. The merits and demerits of both forms conclude three main points: reactivity, ethics and access. For covert research, one of the merit aspects is the reactivity is not a problem, using the covert research could reduce the reactivity of experiments, because they are not aware of being researched. The less reactivity research got, the more validity core data gathered. The other merit aspect of covert research is easy to access. Because of the stealth of PO practice, people do not know the person conducting the study is a researcher. Therefore, they are less likely to adjust their behavior because of the researchers presence. (Alan Bryman and Emma Bell, 2003:320). The demerit of covert research is the ethical problems. The process of research is undercover; some researches focus on some privacy of peoples behavior, so research gathered data without the experiment granted during the research. The experimenters do not get the right of informed consent as well, the ethical problems such as violation of the principle of privacy happened inevitably. For the overt research, ethics is a prominent merit compared with covert research. Using overt research could give the experiment sufficient right to understanding the purpose and process of the study and the potential risk they possibly faced with. But the demerit of overt research also very obvious. The access can be arduous and timely even may not be granted; the high degree of reactivity to the research is not good to the validity of data collection. Characteristics of Four Forms of PO According to Norris work, Van Mannen divided the PO process into four parts, there are SPY, VOYEUR, FAN, MEMBER. The divide of those four forms depend on two dimensions, there are active and passive. Actually, those four roles in Norris work developed by Van Mannen on PO research is the some thing as Gill and Johnsons fourfold categorization of PO, there are complete participant, complete observer, observer as participant and participant as observer. SPY is identified by Van Mannen as active and covert type. It is the same meaning as complete participant in Gill and Johnsons fourfold categorization. The complete participant role sees you as the researcher attempting to become a member of the group in which you are performing research (Saunders, M. et al., 2008). The research concealed their true identity and purpose of research to public. During the research process, researcher will participant in the group and gain trust from he or her colleagues and make friend with experimenters. Doing like that could reduce the researchers access without too many problems of gather core data and take notes more easily. As Norris said: when observer excused himself to the toilet, hurriedly to scribble down notes, he felt like the Spy. VOYEUR is a covert and passive type which is mentioned in Norris work, it is a complete observer role as well. Norris said in his work: When observer deliberately placed in a position to overhear private conversations between officers, observer would feel like a Voyeur. The complete observer is the role that researcher have any communication with people. For example, one observer wants to research the proportion of green bag using when people shooing in the supermarket. What he or she would do is just one thing: having a seat near the exit of the supermarket or check-out counter, gather the number of people who was carrying a green bag in hand when they finished shopping , and then written a recorddown on the notebook. In this observing process, no participant taken by the researchers and no reactivity reflected by the customers. FAN is an overt and passive type defined by Van Mannen, Gill and Johnson called this type as observer as participant role. In this role, the researchers seems like an interviewer. As Norris said: When observer was attending incidents on the street, passively listening and watching, he was the Fan. this role has less participant and more observation. The researchers reveal themselves to public; people are not remained under cover. MEMBER is identified by Van Mannen as active and overt type. It was called participant as observer in Gill and Johnsons findings. The participant as observer is similar as complete participant, just the complete participant is the cover role, and MEMBER is the overt role. In this role the person reveals his or her purpose as a researcher. So in this process, the researchers should make more efforts on gaining trust form their colleagues and take part in the group actively. In Norris work, when I was left guarding a prisoner, introduced as a fellow police officer, or helped in the arrest of a violent and disturbed drug-user, I was, to all intents and purpose, cast in the role of a police officer. This role may be leads to another advantage which concluded in Robsons study: this is that key informants are likely to adopts a perspective of analytic reflection on the processes in which they are involved. (Robson, 2002) According to the analysis of those four roles outlined in Norris work, I concluded that it has no clear boundary among those four roles. The distinction of those four roles depends on the degree of participating and observing. So it is more likely to a subjective method that could be inflected by some factors such as the individuals willing or extent of reactivity and so on. Reactivity Principles in four forms It has different degree of reactivity in different roles. SPY type and VOYEUR type both are the cover research, so it has low extent of reactivity in those two types. In another side as well as the overt research role- MEMBER and FAN, the high degree of reactivity took place. As it is mentioned before, the low degree of reactivity took place, the high validity of core data gathered. Reactivity presents a threat to the internal and external validity of PO research. In the covert research, the experimenters are unaware of the research process, so their behavior which researchers want to observe is the unvarnished behavior; this is a key point of gather validity data by the researchers. In the overt research, this advantage which in the cover research is disappeared. When the experimenters know the researchers true identity and process of research, they will raise the level of alertness on the researcher and then make decision. Even if the experiment grants to participant, their behavior will not be the same as the unvarnished behavior. Ethical principles in four forms There are a number of ethical problems should to be considered during the process of one research. Every research methods will meet the ethical problems including the PO. In Norris work, three main principle of ethics of the research role outlined: informed consent, the invasion of privacy and the trust and deceit. Informed Consent The doctrine of informed consent is the general principle has been used to justify taking an ethical view of the behavior of social research. Informed consent is a legal right which given to the person who was invited to participate in social research activities. The right include the experimenters should be told by the researcher about a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications and future consequences of the research, including the potential risks within this research. After they know the whole thing, they also have the right to decide whether they will cooperate or participant. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person concerned should have legal captivity to give consent, should be so situated as to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any elements of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overteaching or any other ulterior form of constraint or conversion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. (Homan, 1991:69; see also Katz et al., 1972:292-306). For instance, the informed consent always be used in the medical experiments. Before a surgery or other kinds of medical treatments to be taken, the signed consent form is required. the patients must understand the potential risks of the treatment an decide whether they will grant or not. The invasion of privacy Bulmer has written: To insinuate oneself into a particular setting on false pretences in order to gather material for research violates the rights of the individual to be let alone, to control his personal space, and information about himself (1982:219). People have the right of protecting their own privacies; infringing peoples privacy is an unethical act. But using covert research in the process of PO, the invasion of privacy is not so easy to be avoided. For example, if a researcher want to investigate peoples anomaly behaviors in normal lives, using covert research is necessary. Because peoples abnormal behaviors usually is private, covert thing. No one would like to share and discuss their anomaly behaviors in public. And we couldnt design an experiment to let people show their anomaly behaviors, so the researcher must use the covert research to observe this object. In this process, the people who was observed by researcher is in the situation that his or her privacy were being infringed. But we also have the measures to reduce this ethical problem. Because of the definition of privacy is depended on individuals, someones mind is not open enough to share their privacy to others, but someone not. In other words, in modern society, the privacy becomes a commodity which could be sold and bought. This ethical also could be reduced by changing the covert situation to the overt situation as well. Researcher should make friends with the experiment and gain their trust, and then tell them about the researchers true identity and purpose of the research and get their permit. Although it is likely to be a little time consuming, but it is a good way to access in the settings and practice PO research without guilty. The trust and deceit In theory, trust and deceit is the opposite side in social activities, but they are not the absolutive opposite side in social research, especially in PO research. Although the researchers have the obligation to tell the unvarnished truth to the experiment, but think about this question: Do doctors tell the truth to dying patients? Sometimes the truth-telling has not benefits to the healthy and safety in terms of experimenters rather than access and data collection in terms of researchers. Conclusion Participant Observation as a qualitative method plays an important role in society. Since crowd behavior takes place in a context of social activities, PO may involve having to take sides to gather data. In this assignment, the distinction of ethnography and PO research is not distinctness. They have a closed relationship between each other. After introduction of ethnography and PO, the next session in this assignment as well as the main part focuses on the four roles outlined in Norris work. Norris analyses some ethical considerations on field- work with police by using the four forms of PO research. The roles divided according to the covert and overt research, covert research and overt research are the basic approaches in PO. So as to explaining the four roles more comprehensive, the Gill and Johnsons findings are used as well. In the second session, the reactivity and ethics as the main two aspects are anglicized in detail by several points from different angles. Participant Observation perhaps is the earliest method in the world. However, the participant observation was not lost its own glory because of its ancient. Although the modern technology and research methodology develop in a high speed, Participant Observation is still the most basic commonly method which could continue being used in the future. References: Bryman, A. (1989) Research Methods and Organisation Studies. London: Unwin Hyman. Bryman, A. and E. Bell (2003) Business Research Methods, Oxford : Oxford University Press. Darwin, Charles (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals, London: John Murray, pp.374 Delbrige, R. and Kirkpatrick, I. (1994) Theory and practice of participant observation, in V.Wass and P.Wells (eds) Principles and Practice in Business and Management Research, Aldershot: Dartmouth, pp.35-62 Ditton, J. (1977), Part-Time Crime: An Ethnography of Fiddling and Pilferage (London: Macmillan). Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (2002) Research Methods for Managers (3rd edn). London: Sage Gilbert, N. (1993) Researching Social Life (3rd edn). London: Sage. Harris, M. Johnson, O. (2000). Cultural Anthropology, (5th ed.), Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Homan, R. (1991) The Ethical of Social Research. London: Pearson Education. Saunders, M. et al. (2008) Research Methods for Business Students (5th ed.) Harlow : Financial Times Prentice Hall Robson, C. (2002) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers (2nd edn). Oxford: Blackwell. Norris, C. (1993) Some ethical considerations on field-work with the police, in Hobbs, D. and May, T. (1993) Interpreting the field : accounts of ethnography.

Essay on the Departure from the Romantic Novel in Pride and Prejudice

A Departure from the Romantic Novel in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Pride and Prejudice, Austen describes the union of 4 couples -- namely, Elizabeth and Darcy, Jane and Bingley, Lydia and Wickham, and Charlotte and Collins. For the Elizabeth-Darcy relationship, it is clearly an inversion of romantic expectations, and Austen makes it clear that this steadfast, rational relationship is desirable, yet the Charlotte-Collins relationship, [very rational] while also being unconventional, suffers some criticism. Jane and Bingley, though playing very much to expectations of a romantic-story, are dealt with gently and not unkindly by Austen. The same sort of tempestuous emotional impulsiveness of Lydia and Wickham, so typical of romantic novels at that time, is clearly criticized.    Many critics in the nineteenth century approved of Austen's work, as she was vastly different from other novelists, injecting little of the "screams along the corridor" variety of novels that is suitable only for "maids and chamberwomen". This is characterised largely by the story of Elizabeth and Darcy, which is an inversion of romantic book expectations. Unlike the instantaneous, fiery passion that Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights had for Catherine, [not true, but I see what you mean] for this couple, it was more akin to extreme dislike-at-first-sight. Haughty, reserved Darcy, revealing none of the gushing, wondrous, she-is-the-most-beautiful-creature-in-the-world type of sentiment, caustically notes that she is "tolerable ... but not handsome enough to tempt me." Elizabeth, rightly incensed, takes a "decided dislike" for him throughout much of the first 2 volumes of the novel. This inauspicious beginning, in no way signifies to readers the fir... ...ald Gray.   New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Hennelly, Jr., Mark M. "Pride and Prejudice." Jane Austen: New Perspectives. ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 1983. Jane Austen Info Page. Henry Churchyard. U of Texas, Austin. 23 Nov. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://www.pemberly.com/janeinfo/janeinfo/html>. Monaghan, David.   Jane Austen Structure and Social Vision.   New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980. Poplawski, Paul.   A Jane Austen Encyclopedia.   Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. Reidhead, Julia, ed. Norton Anthology of English Literature vol. 7, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Ward, David Allen. "Pride and Prejudice." Explicator. 51.1: (1992). Wright, Andrew H. "Feeling and Complexity in Pride and Prejudice." Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. 410-420.      

Sorting Through Education :: Classrooms School Learning Essays

Sorting Through Education "The whole world’s a classroom, and to really make it one, the first thing is to believe it is." (62) This quote is from Jon Spayde’s article entitled "Learning in the Key of Life" in which he discusses education outside of the classroom. Education is a word that encompasses all new knowledge that a person receives. This includes learning to walk and talk as a child, learning to read and write, learning to make friends and how to keep them. We receive an education everyday starting the minute we wake up. Some knowledge is practical, such as cooking and working effectively with others, and other knowledge is philosophical such as complicated mathematical theorems and Protegra’s idea that "Man is the measure of all things." The question now becomes which type of knowledge is more important, practical or philosophical? My challenge to the reader is to try to see these two ideas as a weighted balance. Both sides are equally important and each enriches the other. If there is enough of both everything tends to balance nicely with each idea corresponding with another. What happens if learning and education focuses more on one then the other? The scale is then lopsided. The more extreme the tilt toward one type of education, the more extreme that life is. For example, a person who can pass any test they take with flying colors but can not use a map to find thier way around. That person is book smart but has no common sense. Let’s look at what is referred to often as "street smarts" or common sense. Street smarts are those things that are learned outside the classroom such as how to communicate with people and how to survive in the every day world. This practical knowledge is extremely important to learn. Everyday we go out we usually learn something that is useful to us as humans. For example, let us take a looks at a man known as Edward. Edward was tiling a roof as child with his father. A piece of paper flew off the roof and Edward, being a little boy, tried to jump off after it. His father stopped him and Edward learned an important lesson that day on impulsiveness. He now knows to think before acting. Other examples of learning through experience are: we learn to read through magazines and comics as seen in Mike Rose's article "Lives on the Boundry.

In the “Clearances” collection, what is revealed about Seamus Heaney and his relationship with his mother, and his thoughts and feelings about other

One of the most moving and emotional of Heaney's works is his collection of sonnets called ‘Clearances'. These sonnets were written in dedication and memoriam to his mother Margaret Kathleen Heaney, who died in 1984. The eight sonnets are filled with lively, detailed and vivid memories, but the strong and loving relationship between Heaney and his mother is constantly referred to also. Heaney has no difficulty in expressing openly the love felt for his mother, both by him and his family, as we see in the invocation at the beginning of the collection; ‘She taught me what her uncle once taught her'. Here we immediately see how his mother has taught him simple but great life wisdom, how to live and deal with problems in everyday life. This immediately identifies a clear picture of love and devotion towards her son, illuminating right from the beginning their strong mother/son relationship. This life wisdom is reflected again in sonnet 2, whereby she commands him on various rules before entering the house she grew up in; ‘And don't be dropping crumbs. Don't tilt your chair'. This yet again shows the close bond Heaney and his mother share, as she warns him in order to avoid him getting into trouble, showing that she is concerned over his welfare and wants to avoid upsetting him in any way possible. The fact that Heaney remembers this visit to his grandparents so vividly is also an indication of how important his mother and her family background was to him, as he shows a keep interest in all aspects of the visit. Despite this, the true reveal of the close bond shared by both mother and son is seen most apparent in sonnet 3, whereby Heaney describes the activities shared between them on times where it was just the two of them alone. In sonnet 3, he mentions himself and his mother preparing Sunday dinner; ‘I was all hers as we peeled potatoes. They broke the silence, let fall one by one'. The close bond between them is easily spotted here, as peeling potatoes is seen as a feminine image, yet Heaney is eager to help and share quality time with his mother, emphasising the importance she has in his life. The fact that there is silence is also an indication of their loving relationship, as neither feels the need to speak as they are enjoying just being in each other's company. ‘From each other's work would bring us to our senses', this yet again shows the unifying element between the both of them, almost as if they are part of one another, showing how alike they are. The change in mood in the second stanza emphasises Heaney's great pain at the loss of his mother. Yet despite this, they are still united as they were in the first stanza, ‘her breath in mine', once again highlighting the closeness shared between them. The final line in the third sonnet is a clear confirmation of the strength in the bond placed between Heaney and his mother as he feels the closest he has ever felt to her at a time when he should feel most distanced; her death, ‘never closer the whole rest of our lives'. A similar pattern of silence is shown in sonnet 4, where Heaney writes about his mother and how she dealt with her son being very intellectual despite only coming from a loving farming background. In the sonnet, Heaney mentions the silent fear felt by his mother at the thought of people thinking of her as a snob, the fear of thinking that her family will think she's above herself, ‘Fear of affectation made her affect. Inadequacy whenever it came to pronouncing words ‘beyond her'. Bertold Brek'. This shows us the discomfort felt by Heaney's mother by being torn to stay at her family's intellectual level or progress in order to be the same as her son. Read also Intro to Public Relations Notes We gain knowledge from the sonnet that she is slightly more knowledgeable than she decides to show, ‘well-adjusted vocabulary'. The result of her choice here illuminates the close bond between her and Heaney, as Heaney shows respect towards her by ‘governed my tongue in front of her'. He speaks as she would in order to keep to his background and make her feel less uncomfortable, which shows that he thinks about her thoughts and feelings and puts them before his own. Despite this, Heaney's education is affecting them as the ‘grammar which kept us allied and at bay'. This illuminates the problems faced by Heaney and his mother, despite speaking less intellectually for the right reasons, at the same time neither are being true to themselves, and are lying about the real person inside in order to please each other. The devoted bond between Heaney and his mother is illuminated again in sonnet 5. In this sonnet, Heaney talks again about another female activity that he is helping his mother with, helping her to fold sheets that have newly come in off the line. The intimacy between them is revealed once more as their hands ‘end up hand to hand'. This shows yet again the closeness between him and his mother as they are together in such an emotional way by performing such a simple task. There is a slight flaw again in their relationship in this poem however, as we begin to see the differences faced by both Heaney and his mother with Heaney's education seems to overpower his mother, ‘and pulled against her; suggesting that as he grows and becomes more intelligent, it is slowly pushing them away from each other. Sonnet 6 shows a change in Heaney's age, and it becomes clear that he is in his teenage years. Despite the change however, his relationship with his mother seems unaffected. He compares his mother with the book Sons and Lovers. The title of the book immediately shows us the deep love felt for his mother during these years, and their closeness is still confirmed as they kneel ‘elbow to elbow' in the church at Easter time. Heaney sees this as important and shows us that mother and son are both entering a different phase, they are both now devoutly religious. At a time when their views should differ however, Heaney and his mother remain allied, a true indication of the emotionally powerful shared between them. The ultimate reveal of the unconditional love and strength between Heaney and his mother is show in sonnet 7, the sonnet describing the death of his mother. On her deathbed, Heaney, along with other members of his immediate family show his mother the affection she longed for and deserved, ‘he called her good and girl'. Here, Heaney shows the most affection he ever has to his mother, revealing true feelings he has towards her. The fact that Heaney feels a ‘space' after she dies is also a key suggestion to the closeness of their relationship, that the woman he has loved and adored has left him and he feels emptiness, as if nothing can replace her, showing how highly Heaney thought of his mother. ‘It penetrated Clearances that suddenly stood open. High cries were felled and a pure change happened', yet again here, the flawless relationship shared between Heaney and his mother is shown as despite her spirit leaving her body, her ways have been passed on to him, and the use of the word ‘kept' suggests that Heaney will never forget her. The end of this sonnet, with the use of the word ‘felled' links sonnet 7 with sonnet 8, the final in the collection. In it, Heaney talks about the tree that has been removed from the garden in which he lived by new owners. I thought of walking round and round a space', this shows the emptiness felt by Heaney after his mother's death, and the tree is symbolic of the loss of his mother also. The closeness of the relationship between them is reflected in the feelings felt by Heaney after his mother's death, he, like the tree, also feels like he has been cut, both physically and emotionally, ultimately illuminating the desperation he feels now that his mother is not around, emphasising the closeness between them. Despite the focus of Clearances being on the experiences of Heaney and his mother, we are also informed of Heaney's thoughts and feelings towards other members of his family. In the invocation, we are made aware of Heaney's ancestors, including his uncle and other, present day family members who are working on the farm. Heaney shares his fear of being different to his family ‘to face the music'. It is clear that he is different to them, an academic gem, and it is clear that he is of the opinion that his family are being who they are supposed to be, and he believes that he is putting himself in danger by going against family tradition. This shows the respect he feels towards his family, and he takes their feelings into consideration, as he does not want to hurt them emotionally or cause them any unnecessary pain. The next family member we are introduced to is his great-grandmother in the hard times when she married outside the tribe and changed her religion. Heaney doesn't see her actions as anything unacceptable and sees it as an inheritance ‘to dispose of' after his great-grandmother's passing. He is ultimately respectful to his past family members and sees the ‘exonerated stone' as a mark of triumph not embarrassment. He shows great support and respect towards his great-grandmother and is brave enough to speak against what other people think are right, illuminating the support and love felt for his great-grandmother. In sonnet 2, we are introduced briefly to Heaney's grandparents. Yet again, Heaney feels respect towards them and sees their way of life as organised and traditional, a successful way to be. He clearly feels great affection and love towards them as he listens to his mother's imperatives in order not to upset them and make things easier for his mother, ‘to welcome home a bewildered homing daughter'. The final member of Heaney's family that we are introduced to is his father. In sonnet 3, Heaney sees and portrays him as a quiet man, a man who does not speak much, ‘hammer and tong at the prayers for the dying'. There is also a hint that Heaney's father is a man of few emotions, at the suggestion that he is not crying at his wife's bedside. However, in sonnet 7, Heaney sees him in a whole new light. His father describes his mother as ‘good' and ‘girl', and talks about the early days of their courtship, and finally shows her affection by bending down to her ‘propped-up head'. Heaney is overjoyed at this, ‘she could not hear but we were overjoyed', as his father finally feels like he did towards his mother. It is possible that Heaney feels a slight closeness towards his father at this point, that both are united in their grief. He clearly feels love towards his father, and his comforted by the words spoken by him at his mothers deathbed.

Age of Extremes Essay

The twentieth century was rich in events and outstanding personalities. In his book Age of Extremes, Eric Hobsbawm provides an extensive review of what happened during the Twentieth Century and the impact of those events on human development. According to Hobsbawm, the Twentieth Century was both the Age of Catastrophe and the time of the extraordinary economic growth – a complex sandwich of events and developments that changed the human society â€Å"more profoundly than any other period of comparable brevity† (Hobsbawm, 1995). In the first two chapters of Age of Extremes, Eric Hobsbawm (1995) tries to evaluate the social and historic legacy of the Twentieth Century and creates a brief picture of the events and accomplishments that took place between 1914 and 1991. The author is confident that human society cannot distance itself from the events of the past, because everyone on the globe, irrespective of their life history and personal background, went through more or less similar central experiences that affected them all (Hobsbawm, 1995). Hobsbawm (1995) traces the evolution of the Twentieth Century from the First World War, which marked â€Å"the breakdown of the western civilization of the nineteenth century† (p. 6). The western civilization was characterized by capitalist economy, liberal constitutional structure, bourgeois image of the hegemonic class, and the glory of scientific, educational, technological, knowledge, and moral advance (Hobsbawm, 1995). The decades following the beginning of the First World War were the Age of Catastrophe: until the end of WWII, the society stumbled from one calamity to another and lived at the edge of survival (Hobsbawm, 1995). The failure of the major colonial empires and the economic crisis of unprecedented depth added their share of complexity to the state of world affairs (Hobsbawm, 1995). Hobsbawm (1995) believes that the victory of the Soviet Union over Hitler was one of the most important events of the Twentieth Century. Without it, the whole Western world could have turned into set of variations on fascist themes (Hobsbawm, 1995). The rise of the socialist movements was the direct result of the weaknesses in the nineteenth-century bourgeois society (Hobsbawm, 1995). How and why the world threw itself into the Golden Age of capitalism between 1947 and 1973 remains one of basic historical puzzles; but the Golden Age could not be endless and the global crisis that followed affected all, irrespective of their political, social, and economic configurations (Hobsbawm, 1995). The economic crisis gradually extended to cover political issues – the collapse of the Soviet Union produced an enormous zone of political uncertainty and destroyed the stable system of international relations (Hobsbawm, 1995). The economic and political uncertainties were followed by the moral and social crisis – the crisis of beliefs, which humans had used over the course of the Twentieth Century to win their battle over the nineteenth century’s ideology (Hobsbawm, 1995). The century that had begun with unbelievable optimism and faith in the future ended with a bang and a whimper, leaving the society in the midst of the moral, social, economic, and mental collapse (Hobsbawm, 1995). In Hobsbawm’s (1995) view, the Twentieth Century was the time of unprecedented achievements and dramatic failures. The cyclical nature of evolution resulted in continuous instability and profound economic, social, and political shifts. For many countries, the Twentieth Century became the time of remarkable changes and the beginning of the new era of uncertainty and chaos. Whether countries succeed in resolving the existing controversies depends on how well they can learn the lessons of the past and use wisely the historical, political, and moral legacy of the stormy Twentieth Century. Conclusion The Twentieth Century was the time of unprecedented achievements and failures. The capitalization of the word combination â€Å"Twentieth Century† by Hobsbawm (1995) is not accidental. The author feels that the Twentieth Century reflected a unique paradox: the triumph of the material values and their absolute rejection at the end of the era. The century that had begun with unbelievable optimism and faith in the future ended with the deep crisis of the moral and mental ideologies, leaving humanity in the midst of the social, economic, cultural, and moral collapse. Whether countries succeed in resolving the existing controversies depends on how well people can learn from the past and use wisely the historical, political, and moral legacy of the stormy Twentieth Century.